Chlamydia psittaci nel colombo di città: aspetti anatomo-patologici, sierologici e biomolecolari

Scopo del lavoro della presente tesi è stato quello di valutare la prevalenza di Chlamydiaceae, ed in particolare Chlamydia psittaci, in una popolazione aviare con caratteristiche sinantropiche quale il colombo di città (Columba livia var. domestica) dell’areale veneziano. Per evidenziare il patogeno sono state utilizzate metodiche sierologiche, d’isolamento e biomolecolari tradizionali. Contestualmente, mediante tecnologie molecolari innovative, quali microarray ed MLVA (Multilocus VNTR Assay) sono stati valutati i genotipi di C. psittaci e le eventuali altre specie di Chlamydia presenti in tale popolazione. Inoltre, si è proceduto ad una classificazione delle lesioni anatomo-patologiche ed ad una loro correlazione con la presenza del patogeno. I risultati dimostrano che la prevalenza di C. psittaci nella popolazione oggetto dello studio è del 10%. Durante tale studio è stata dimostrata la presenza di un ceppo di C. psittaci atipico, in quanto non classificabile con le attuali tecniche a disposizione. La genotipizzazione dei ceppi di C. psittaci conferma la presenza nel colombo di città del genotipo B, E ed E/B, che solitamente risultano essere coinvolti con minore frequenza in episodi di infezione umana. Inoltre sono stati dimostrati alcuni ceppi classificati come Chlamydia spp., in quanto le metodologie applicate e le conoscenze attuali non permettono ulteriori distinzioni, prospettando la possibilità di un nuovo ceppo. Infine, attraverso l’analisi dei dati raccolti durante la prima fase di campionamenti e successivamente confermati durante la seconda fase, siamo riusciti a strutturare un sistema di selezione, basato su caratteristiche funzionali ed anatomopatologiche, che permette di selezionare in sede necroscopica i colombi molto probabilmente infetti, permettendo conseguentemente una migliore organizzazione e gestione dei campioni di interesse contenendo nel contempo i costi ma mantenendo elevati gli standards diagnostici.

Diet Effects on Activation and Maturation of Feed Control over the Gastrointestinal Defence Barrier in Piglets

Weaning is an important and complex step involving many stresses that interfere deeply with feed intake, gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) development and adaptation to the weaning diet in young pigs. The health of the pig at weaning, its nutrition in the immediate post-weaning period, and the physical, microbiological and psychological environment are all factors that interact to determine food intake and subsequent growth. GIT disorders, infections and diarrhoea increase at the time of weaning, in fact pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are major causes of mucosal damage in post-weaning disease contributing to diarrhoea in suckling and post-weaned pigs. The European ban in 2006 put on antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has stimulated research on the mechanisms of GIT disorders and on nutritional approaches for preventing or reducing such disturbances avoiding AGPs. Concerning these aspects here are presented five studies based on the interplay among nutrition, genomic, immunity and physiology with the aim to clarify some of these problematic issues around weaning period in piglets. The first three evaluate the effects of diets threonine or tryptophan enriched on gut defence and health as possible alternatives to AGP in the gut. The fourth is focused on the possible immunological function related with the development of the stomach. The fifth is a pilot study on the gastric sensing and orexygenic signal given by fasting or re-feeding conditions. Although some results are controversial, it appears that both tryptophan and threonine supplementation in weaning diets have a preventive role in E.coli PWD and favorable effects in the gut especially in relation to ETEC susceptible genotype. While the stomach is believed as almost aseptic organ, it shows an immune activity related with the mucosal maturation. Moreover it shows an orexygenic role of both oxyntic mucosa and pyloric mucosa, and its possible relation with nutrient sensing stimuli.

Staphylococcus aureus bones and joints infections: in vivo studies and host immune response

Abstract The aim of this work was the development of a murine model of septic arthrosynovitis and osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which could mimic the natural disease occurring in humans and which could be suitable for testing preventive and therapeutic interventions. This model could be particularly useful since S. aureus-mediated joints and bones infections are relevant in humans, both in terms of frequency and severity. Our attention focused in tracking bacterial infiltration in joints and bones over time using different microbiological and hystopathological tools, which allowed us to have a complete overview of the situation and to evaluate the immunological actions undertaken by the host to contain or eradicate the bacterial infection. Antibodies and cytokines profiles, as well as recruitment of host immune cells at joints of immunized and infected mice were therefore monitored for a time period that allowed us to study both the acute and the chronic phases of the disease in situ. Finally the Novartis vaccine formulation proposed against S. aureus infections was tested for its capacity to protect immunized mice from joints infections, and the preventive immunization was compared to a standard antibiotic prophylaxis. The availability of powerful tools to study specific bacterial-mediated diseases is nowadays an important requirement for the scientific community to shed light on the complex interactions between host and pathogens and to test treatments for preventing or contrasting infections. We believe that our work significantly contributes to the overall knowledge in the field of S. aureus-dependent pathologies, opening the possibility for further investigations in several fields of study.